BIOFERTILIZERS (BACTERIA AND FUNGI ) USEFUL FOR CROPS

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Rhizobium spp.


Crops to be applied - Leguminous crops like ground nut, soybean, green grams etc.  

Yield increase up to 10 -35%

Chemical Fertilizer - reduction   50–200 kg N ha⁻¹  

Remarks - N₂ fixation and adding residual nitrogen to the soil

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Azotobacter spp.


Crops to be applied - Non-leguminous crops, useful for soils containing high organic matter

Yield increase up to 5 -10%

Chemical Fertilizer reduction - 20–25 kg N ha⁻¹

Remarks - N₂ fixation, production of vitamins, hormones, enhancing seed germination, inhibiting pathogens


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Azospirillum spp.


Crops to be applied - Leguminous and non-leguminous crops like paddy, maize, sorghum, sugarcane, millets

Yield increase up to 10–20% yield  

Chemical Fertilizer reduction -  25–50 kg N ha⁻¹

Remarks - N­₂ fixation, produces growth hormones, increases drought tolerance in crops  

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Herbaspirillum spp.


Crops to be applied - Non-leguminous crops like paddy, maize, sorghum, sugarcane, millets

Yield increase up to 5 -10%

Chemical Fertilizer reduction -  25–50 kg N ha⁻¹

Remarks - Maintain high population in roots, stems, and leaves

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Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus


Crops to be applied - Commercially important crops like sugarcane, paddy, maize, garden plants, horticultural crops etc.

Yield increase up to 10 -15%

Chemical Fertilizer reduction -  50% N application can be reduced in the most of the crops  

Remarks - N₂ Fixation, P solubilization, IAA production, drought tolerance to plants, ACC deaminase activity, Zn solubilization, disease control etc.

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Burkholderia spp.


Crops to be applied - Sugarcane, Paddy and most of the economically important crops

Yield increase up to 20%

Chemical Fertilizer reduction -  Up to 50% chemical N saving 

Remarks - N₂ Fixation, P & K solubilization, disease control, growth hormone secretion etc.

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Methylobacterium spp.


Crops to be applied - Sugarcane, Paddy and most of the economically important crops

Yield increase up to 5-10%. 

Reduction of inorganic N is not recommended

Remarks - Enhances drought tolerance in plants

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Phophobacteria


Crops to be applied - All the crops

Yield increase up to 2-10%. 

Chemical Fertilizer reduction -  Reduction upto 25 % of inorganic phosphate

Remarks - Produces organic acids which solubilizes Tri-calcium phospahate in to mono calcium phospahte

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VAM(Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza)


Crops to be applied - Many trees and crops, and some ornamental plants and most of the economically important crops

Yield increase up to 30-40% Fe, Zn, S and Cu deficiencies in plants will be eliminated

Chemical Fertilizer reduction -  10 to 25% reduction in inorganic P

Remarks - Absorbs phosphate through the hyphae ….. transfers phosphate to the roots

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Potash solubilizing bacteria


Crops to be applied - All the crops

Increase the plant growth, nutrient uptake (K) and yield component

Chemical Fertilizer reduction -  5 – 10% reduction of inorganic K

Remarks - Solubilizes insoluble K (Mica) by the secretion of different organic acids

BIO-PESTICIDES USED FOR AGRICULTURE CROPS

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Pseudomonas flurescens (Bacterium)


Crops to be applied - All crops

Controls set rot, root rot and many soil borne pests 

Reduces pesticide application

Remarks - Enhances nutrient absorbtion


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Trichderma viride (Fungi)


Crops to be applied - All crops

Controls the Red rot disease in sugarcane, rots in fruits

Reduces pesticide application

Remarks - Solubilizes insoluble phosphate into soluble phosphate

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Metarhizium (Fungi)


Crops to be applied - All crops

Used against termites

Reduces insecticide application in plants

Remarks - Infect over 200 insect pest species  

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Beauveria Larvicide


Crops to be applied - All crops

Used against beetles 

Reduces insecticide application in plants

Remarks - Penetrate the cuticle leads death

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Bacillus thuringiensis


Crops to be applied - Sugarcane and horticulture crops

Used against borers

Reduces insecticide application in plants

Remarks - Produces Cry proteins which kills the insects

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